Outsiders in the Greek Cities in the Fourth Century BC (Routledge Revivals)

During the fourth century BC the number of Greeks who did not live as citizens in the Greek city-states increased considerably: mercenaries, pirates, itinerant artisans and traders. It has been argued that this increase was caused by the destruction of many cities in the wars, accompanied by the large programme of settlement begun by Alexander in the East and Timoleon in the West. Although this was an important factor, argues Dr McKechnie, more crucial was an ideological deterioration of loyalties to the city: the polis was no longer absolutely normative in the fourth century and Hellenistic periods._x000D_